Monday, September 30, 2019

Prenatal and Postpartum Scenario Essay

There is importance to providing a safe and healthy environment for your child to develop and grow, whether it be during gestation or the first few months of life. In this pamphlet we will discuss the activities that a pregnant or postpartum woman can do to positively affect their infants future development. There will be discussion as to why each activity is important and also how it will affect your Childs future development. The following activities are for pregnant women who want to positively affect their future Childs development. During the gestational period playing music has shown to be beneficial to a Childs development, studies show an enhancement in verbal skills, as well as spatial, and emotional skills (Ho, March). The next activity is frequently talking to your unborn child, this helps to build a bond and your baby will recognize your voice at birth. Engaging in belly massage throughout your pregnancy will assure your unborn child it is loved even before you are able to hold him or her in your arms. There is a way to get your partner involved to in this activity, having your partner massage your belly with oil will release pleasure hormones to your child, providing you with stress relief and relaxation. It is important to always be aware of stress levels while pregnant, stress hormones can make your child feel anxious. Engaging in activities such as prenatal yoga, meditation, or even relaxing in a warm bath can provide much needed relief from stress. (Black, Jan). The activities in this section are focused on postpartum period to positively affect your Childs future development. The first activity is skin to skin contact with your newborn. This will foster the bonding between you and your child. This helps the newborn to feel a sense of security and builds positive self esteem. This can also help to reduce pain from childbirth experience for new mothers (Berger, 2010). The next activity is simply talking and reading to your child everyday. This  activity will develop language skills through imitation of the sounds heard, it also helps to offer a larger vocabulary to your child. (Berger, 2010). Another great activity is giving your baby a massage. This will relax your baby which is especially helpful at bedtime. There are therapeutic reasons as well, it can reduce gas and colic making for a happy baby and mom. (Spehar & Frey, 2001). References Berger, K. (2010). Invitation to the Lifespan. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Black, S. (January 17, 2001). Getting to Know You†¦:Tune into Your Swelling Belly to Give Your Baby a Head Start. Daily Record, 8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/327648644 Ho, L. (March 31 2000). Unborn Thrive on Music. South China Morning Post, 4. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/265578863 Spehar, J., & Frey, R. (2001). Infant Massage. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3(3.4), 2328-2331.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

A Report On Integrated Active Steering Engineering Essay

An incorporate vehicle kineticss control system which aims to better vehicle handling and stableness by organizing active forepart guidance ( AFS ) and dynamic stableness control ( DSC ) subsystems is developed in this paper. The DSC subsystem includes driveline- based, brake-based, and driveline plus brake-based DSC subsystems. The ini ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of changing frontward velocity and sidelong acceleration on the sidelong vehicle kineticss is investigated foremost. The AFS accountant, which is used to better vehicle tip ability in the low to mid-range sidelong acceleration, and the DSC accountant, which manages to keep vehicle stableness during utmost driving state of affairss, are so designed by utilizing the skiding manner control ( SMC ) technique and stage plane method severally. Based on the two independently developed accountants, a rule-based integrating system is proposed to optimise the overall vehicle public presentation by minimising interactions between the two subsyste ms and widening functionalities of Individual subsystems. Computer simulation consequences in the effectivity of the proposed control system and overall betterments in vehicle handling and stableness. Yaw and turn over kineticss of vehicles can be controlled expeditiously by single wheel braking or by active guidance. Both attacks are compared on the footing of physical and application considerations. Two vehicle kineticss control constructs based on active guidance are summarized. One of them focuses on the decrease of swerve perturbations on the vehicle by robust one-sided decoupling of swerve and sidelong manner. The other attack purposes at rollover turning away of route vehicles. There, in uninterrupted operation, active maneuvering improves the axial rotation kineticss. In instance of exigency an efficient scheme applies coincident maneuvering and braking control. The response of the controlled vehicle is similar to the response of the conventional vehicle for nominal drive, b ut the guidance assistance system reduces the consequence of assorted factors for improved stableness. Keywords: Vehicle managing and stableness, active forepart guidance, dynamic stableness control, integrated vehicle kineticss control. 3. Introduction Active Steering is a maneuvering assistance system integrated in autos. An active guidance system is a complementary system for a front-steered vehicle that adds or subtracts a constituent to the maneuvering signal performed by the driver.We are get downing to see different trade names with different solutions on the market. The thought is to better safety and comfort by improved stableness and handling. Although the ordinances demand a mechanical connexion between the maneuvering wheel and the guidance rack, actuators are used to act upon the mechanical system. The undermentioned subdivision will depict different maneuvering system And some of the proficient solutions of the maneuvering systems used today. Solutions used by BMW and General Motors will be considered. Articles on Active Steering have been studied. The study focal point has been on the automatic control country and on the steer-by-wire development. Active guidance is the thought of an incorporate maneuvering support sy stem for autos. The system has to act like the maneuvering on conventional autos but with extra functionality such as perturbation rejection due to, for illustration, I -split ( disconnected adhesion coefficient between wheels ) , wind blasts or decreased route adhesion conditions. Several bing systems are conceptual and non intended for the market, but for illustration BMW has a semi-mechanical system installed on the autos. The systems explained are different illustrations on how to alter the conventional guidance of a auto. The maneuvering signal from the driver is an angular motion on the guidance wheel. The ensuing maneuvering angle is therefore composed by the constituent performed by the driver and the constituent contributed by the guidance system. It sounds great – and it feels even better, say those who have driven vehicles equipped with Active Steering Systems. These systems offer drivers many new characteristics and sweetenings, including parking aid, lane-keeping aid, stableness aid, and much more. Active maneuvering takes advantage of torque sheathing engineering. In such a system, a variable sum of torsion is added or subtracted to or from the maneuvering system, independent of driver input. The exact sum is determined based on analysis of inputs from multiple vehicle systems supervising assorted route and other external conditions. The important benefit of torsion sheathing engineering is that it ever keeps the driver informed of system action runing from the elusive jogs of route maintaining to the automated guidance wheel gesture of park aid. What increases driver assurance even further is that you can keep on to the maneuvering wheel at anytime and seamlessly override the system operation or take over control, as conditions warrant? The consequence is a pleasant drive experience with reduced driver work load and safer vehicle control. The enhanced vehicle and system public presentation achieved with torque sheathing can assist bring forth increased client satisfaction. When used in combination with a series of detectors like vehicle velocity detectors, driver province detectors, and cameras, Active Steering Systems with torque sheathing enable many possible capablenesss, including: Handling and â€Å" maneuvering feel † sweetenings such as active return, active damping, and improved on-center feel Disturbance direction, such as pull/drift compensation and cut downing the effects of air current blasts Driver aid, including guided and even independent parking Active safety, including yaw stableness aid, compensation when braking on uneven surfaces, and lane maintaining assist/departure warning For vehicles equipped with electric power guidance, torque sheathing control is applied through package programming within bing hardware. Hydraulic power maneuvering systems can besides be equipped with torque sheathing utilizing Magnasteer variable attempt maneuvering system engineering. Both electric and hydraulic torsion overlay solutions can be achieved in a cost-efficient bundle. Besides supplying variable maneuvering ratios, the computing machine is linked with the vehicle stableness control system to assistance in directional stableness of the vehicle. As the vehicle is going down the main road, route surfaces and air current blasts can impact the vehicle directional stableness. The auto may roll a small or flit to one side, as many who have met a tractor-trailer unit on a blowy twenty-four hours have experienced. Detectors on the auto detect this sudden unwilled motion and the computing machine will stabilise the auto by traveling the Active Steering electric motor and maneuvering cogwheel. The driver does n't turn the maneuvering wheel at all! If the driver experiences a skid or slide because of hapless route conditions, the Active Steering will respond to information from the swerve rate detectors to modify the maneuvering angle of the forepart wheels to stabilise the vehicle. This occurs much faster than the driver can respond. If the Active Steering angle is non plenty, so the Stability Control system intervenes to assist every bit good. CURRENT STEERING SYSTEMS Primary map of the guidance system is to accomplish angular gesture of the forepart wheels to negociate a bend. This is done through linkages and maneuvering cogwheel which convert the rotary gesture of the maneuvering wheel in to angular gesture of the forepart route wheels. Current maneuvering systems can be classified in to two viz. , mechanical maneuvering systems and hydraulic power maneuvering system.MECHANICAL STEERING SYSTEM andHYDRAULIC POWER STEERING SYSTEMMECHANICAL STEERING SYSTEMS:Conventional maneuvering systems are based on the mechanical guidance of which two discrepancies are in usage. The constituents of a rack-and-pinion guidance and ball-and-nut guidance, which is used for higher guidance forces, are strictly mechanical: Steering wheel, maneuvering column, maneuvering pinion, rack, ball-and-nut cogwheel, tie rod. Extra constituents are assorted cosmopolitan articulations and bearings. The assorted maneuvering systems that are normally used are worm and all wheel maneuvering, Cam and dual roller guidance, worm and nut guidance, recirculating ball type guidance and rack and pinion guidance. Among these types most normally used are rack and pinion guidance and recirculating maneuvering systems. Cam and dual roller maneuvering are normally used in Ashok Leyland vehicles ( maneuvering gear ratio used=24.7:1 ) . Recirculating ball type guidance are used by Tata, Dodge/Fargo, Standard 20 vehicles. Maruti 800 autos employ rack and pinion guidance. The of import types of mechanical maneuvering systems are discussed belowRACK AND PINION STEERING: –Rack and pinion guidance is rapidly going the most common type of maneuvering on autos, little trucks and SUVs. It is really a pretty simple mechanism. A rack and pinion cogwheel set is enclosed in a metal tubing, with each terminal of the rack protruding from the tubing. A rod, called a tie rod is connected to each termina l of the rack. The pinion cogwheel is attached to the guidance shaft. When we turn the guidance wheel, the cogwheel spins, traveling the rack. The tie rod at each terminal of the rack connects to the maneuvering arm on the spindle. The rack and pinion gear set does two things: It converts the rotational gesture of the maneuvering wheel into the additive gesture needed to turn the wheels. It provides a gear decrease, doing it easier to turn the wheels Some autos have variable ratio guidance, which uses a rack and pinion cogwheel set that has a different tooth pitch ( figure of dentitions per inch ) in the Centre than it has on the exterior. This makes the auto respond rapidly when get downing a bend and besides reduces attempt near the wheel ‘s turning bound.Pitman arm typesPitman arm mechanisms have a maneuvering ‘box ‘ where the shaft from the maneuvering wheel comes in and a lever arm comes out – the pitman arm. This pitman arm is linked to the path rod or Centre nexus, which is supported by loafer weaponries. The tie rods connect to the path rod. The pitman arm is connected straight to the path rod, to intensify linkages where it is connected to one terminal of the guidance system or the path rod via other rods. Most of the maneuvering box mechanisms that drive the Pitman arm have a ‘dead topographic point ‘ in the Centre of the guidance where you can turn the maneuvering wheel a little sum before the forepart wheels start to turn. The terminal of the shaft from the maneuvering wheel has a worm cogwheel attached to maneuvering box. It meshes straight with a sector cogwheel ( so called because it ‘s a subdivision of a full cogwheel wheel ) . When the guidance wheel is turned, the shaft turns the worm cogwheel, and the sector gear pivots around its axis as its dentitions are moved along the worm cogwheel. The sector cogwheel is mounted on the cross shaft which passes through the guidance box and out the underside where it is splined, and the Pitman arm is attached to the splines. When the sector cogwheel turns, it turns the cross shaft, which turns the Pitman arm, giving the end product gesture that is fed into the mechanical linkage on the path rod. The undermentioned diagram shows the active constituents that are present inside the maneuvering box. The box itself is sealed and filled with lubricating oil. The following are the four basic types of maneuvering box used in pitman arm systems.Worm and sector:Worm and nut or recirculating ball:As the maneuvering wheel is turned, the worm thrust bends and forces the ball bearings to press against the channel inside the nut. This forces the nut to travel along the worm thrust. The nut itself has a twosome of gear teeth dramatis personae into the exterior of it and these mesh with the dentitions on a sector cogwheel which is attached to the cross shaft merely like in the worm and sector mechanism. This system has much less free drama or slack in it than the other designs, therefore why it ‘s used the most.Worm and rollerTypically in these designs, the worm cogwheel is really an hourglass form so that it is wider at the terminals. Without the hourglass form, the roller might withd raw from it at the extents of its travel.Cam and leverCam and lever maneuvering boxes are really similar to writhe and sector guidance boxes. The worm thrust is known as a Cam and has a much shallower pitch and two he-mans that sit in the Cam channels. As the worm cogwheel is turned, the studs slide along the Cam channels which forces the cross shaft to revolve, turning the Pitman arm.HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING SYSTEM: –The hydraulic power maneuvering system today is the most used guidance system. It is based on the constituents of the mechanical guidance system, in add-on there is a hydraulic system, normally dwelling of hydro pump with V-belt thrust, hydraulic lines, oil reservoir and maneuvering valve. The indispensable new map of this power guidance is the hydraulic support of the maneuvering motion, so that the driver ‘s steering-wheel attempt is reduced. Therefore in the event of failure, the loss of maneuvering encouragement arises as a new safety facet in comparin g to strictly manual guidance. This can be caused by a escape of the hydraulic system or by a hydro pump failure. There are a twosome of cardinal constituents in power guidance in add-on to the rack-and-pinion or recirculating-ball mechanism. Pump, rotary valve, block and v-belt are some among such constituents. The pump normally used is a rotary vane pump due to its first-class volumetric efficiency, high force per unit area capableness, reduced noise emanation, low power ingestion, long life, light weight and cost efficiency.5. Working OF ACTIVE Guidance5.1 ACTIVE FRONT STEER: –The construct of Active Front Steering is based around a planetal cogwheel set, such as found in most automatic transmittals. A planetal cogwheel set is made up of three chief constituents: the Sun cogwheel in the centre, a set of planet cogwheels ( several cogwheels in a unit that rotate around the Sun cogwheel, and a ring cogwheel around the exterior that has internal dentitions engaging with the planet cogwheels. Any one of the three constituents can be the thrust input and any can be the end product, every bi t long as one or more of the constituents is held. This provides a assortment of gear ratios in forward and contrary. In the active guidance system, a little planetal cogwheel set is located between the maneuvering wheel and the conventional guidance rack as shown in Fig. BMW calls this unit a superimposing cogwheel. In the Active Steering system, the Sun cogwheel and planet cogwheels are the input and end product. The ring cogwheel that besides is input is controlled by an electric motor steered by a computer-controlled electric motor meshed to the exterior of the ring cogwheel. If the ring cogwheel is held stationary by the electric motor, the gear ratio of the cogwheel set is fixed. However, the computing machine can run the electric motor to turn the ring cogwheel at the same clip the driver turns the guidance wheel, supplying a variable guidance ratio. The consequence of the system operation is astonishing. In a parking state of affairs, the computing machine varies the ratio so that the maneuvering wheel demands less than two bends to travel the wheels lock to lock. As vehicle velocities addition, the maneuvering ratio additions, so it takes more bends of the maneuvering wheel to travel the wheels and additions vehicle stableness. In some state of affairss the ring cogwheel increases the re sponse of the maneuvering wheel, in other state of affairss the response decreases. The system that BMW uses has a velocity dependant variable maneuvering ratio and besides the ability to set for perturbations during driver reaction clip. This is achieved with a planetal cogwheel with two inputs and one end product and a fast transmittal of information ( 100 Hz ) from different detectors. The planetal cogwheel is able to add or deduct a signal from the response of the maneuvering wheel that controls the Sur wheel angle. At low velocity the planetal cogwheel adds a part to the maneuvering angle, which makes the maneuvering wheel lock-to-lock places less than two unit of ammunitions on the guidance wheel. This is advantageous in parking state of affairss and other slow traveling state of affairss since the driver can keep the clasp on the guidance wheel. At high velocity the planetal cogwheel subtracts a part to the maneuvering angle and between the maneuvering wheel lock-to-lock places it is about four unit of ammunitions. This increases the safety for evasive manoeuvres on the guidance wheel and it provides an increased preciseness at main road drive.Active REAR STEER: –BMW is besides researching the usage of rear-wheel guidance, a engineering subjugated to some grade by the Japanese in the eightiess. However, the usage of ‘active ‘ engineerings adds potentially much more effectivity to the systems. The system is a low angle rear wheel maneuvering system, which is specifically designed to offer European vehicle makers an advanced, low-cost solution for dynamic handling sweetening and active safety direction on rider vehicles. Active Rear Steering can function as a primary mechanism for raising the vehicle ‘s managing public presentation by utilizing it ‘s extremely tune able package. For case, if the coveted vehicle character is for a drum sander drive via a softer suspension, Active Rear Steering can be used to assist recover the coveted handling utilizing an algorithm that dynamically adjusts the rear wheel angle harmonizing to a vehicle behaviour theoretical account. The consequence is optimized managing public presentation and drive comfort. A † Active Rear Steering separates the swerve and sidelong kineticss of the vehicle, † explained by Dr. Jean Botti, main engineer, Innovation Center, BMW Dynamics & A ; Propulsion Center. â€Å" This gives human body design and tuning experts a new grade of freedom to command vehicle gesture. When combined with the latest in advanced algorithms, Active Rear Steering allows their clients to accomplish superior managing public presentation while besides increasing dynamic safety through active rear guidance. † BMW ‘s Active Rear Steering helps minimise over tip and under tip at all velocities, and on virtually all surfaces, even during normal drive, without decelerating the vehicle. Emergency lane alterations, or elk trial manoeuvres, go more predictable, more manageable and less nerve-racking when rear guidance is added to the equation. Active Rear Guidance can be integrated with controlled braking to supply a more effectual vehicle system solution to stableness control than brakes entirely. Together these systems help deliver instantaneous rear maneuvering control to convey a vehicle back on its intended class and combine braking as needed. This attack minimizes any deceleration of the vehicle doing the rectification less intrusive to the driver. In add-on, by leting maneuvering to keep directional control and braking to decelerate the vehicle, this combination can assist cut down vehicle-stopping distances on split and assorted frictional coefficient surfaces, such as snow and ice , in a stable, controlled mode. â€Å" Active Rear Steering balances and expands the impact of brake-based stableness control systems on vehicle kineticss by bettering handling and swerve stableness conveying maneuvering into the equation allows their clients to present the ultimate in active safety combined with a comfy drive and superior handling. †6. SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONThe system described in Figure is a control system. The input signal to the system ud is the maneuvering angle set by the driver. In ordinary vehicles there is a changeless ratio between the maneuvering wheel angle and the Sur angle. Thus ud is equal to I?d /R where R is the characteristic guidance cogwheel ratio and I?d is the maneuvering wheel angle. This is peculiarly of import during high velocity and/or low route adhesion. The entire guidance angle, expressed in Figure6.1 by u, is compound by the signal from the driver and an extra guidance angle I?c from the control system: The accountant has a provender frontward K1 and a feedback K2. Then it is possible to compose the look for I?c as: Merely the swerve rate is used for the feedback so the control system is theoretically possible to implement in an electrically steered vehicle. Equipment for mensurating the velocity, the swerve rate and the maneuvering wheel angle is needed and of class an actuator and its mechanical device for lending the extra guidance angle. The 2nd input to the vehicle is the side wind force with a predefined action point, which is assumed to move 0.4 metres in forepart of the Centre of gravitation on the right side of the auto. This influence can be modelled in assorted ways. Figure 6.1: A description of the complete system . Design The vehicle theoretical account is derived from the equations of gesture of a forepart steered 4-wheel vehicle. Figure 7.1 shows the parametric quantities involved and their definition. The positive x-axis starts at the Centre of gravitation and points in the forward way of the vehicle. This way is besides referred to as the longitudinal way. The y-axis corresponds to the sidelong way and starts from the Centre line. As shown in Figure 7.1. The Centre of gravitation ( CoG ) is located on the centre line but closer to the forepart axle than to the rear axle. At a short distance ( Lw ) from the Centre of gravitation. Which is an action point of a perturbation air current force defined ; its way is parallel to the sidelong way. Since sidelong control is concerned in this hypothesis gestures such as axial rotation, bounciness and pitch are neglected ( see the glossary for definitions ) . The forepart wheel brace is assumed to hold the same guidance angle. Fig 7.1: Definitions of forepart steered vehicleNON-CONTROLLED ACTIVE Guidance: –Single Track Model Since the concluding theoretical account will be a additive single-track theoretical account a few estimates and simplifications will be made. For simpleness the sidelong forces of each wheel brace are added into one force ; Fxf for the forepart axle and for the rear axle Fxr. The same is done for the longitudinal forces Fyf and Fyr. For the torsion in the system the ensuing forces iˆÂ §Ff and iˆÂ §Fx are needed. Notice that iˆÂ §Fx is about 0. The equations specifying the forces are Writing the translational and the rotational equations of gesture outputs a non-linear system. The co-ordinate system of the equations is the vehicle co-ordinate system i.e. the vehicle frame. A transmutation of the co-ordinate system has to be made to be able to follow the vehicle path in the route frame ( the inertial co-ordinate system ) . Since the first row describes the gesture in longitudinal way it will be ignored because merely the sidelong stableness is of involvement in this instance. By utilizing the estimate for little angles, ( cos ( x ) , wickedness ( x ) ) a†°? ( 1, ten ) , and reshaping the look, the equation of gesture can about be written as Non Linear Model The non-linear theoretical account is developed with the sidelong and rotational portion together with the non-linear look of the sidelong forces. The expression of the Sur faux pas angles below is the input. The theoretical account is built up in Simulink. Equation: Non additive Sur faux pass angles Fig 14: Yaw rate for additive and non additive theoretical account for two instancesCONTROLLED ACTIVE Guidance: –The control system is composed of a feedback and a provender frontward portion. The method used for calculating the accountant is Ha?z optimisation. First the feedback portion is developed to guarantee robust stableness and to reject measure perturbations on the swerve rate. Then the provender forward portion makes the system fast plenty and ensures the same steady province value as the conventional auto. By mentioning to Figure 6.1 it is clear that the transportation map of the vehicle is a 2Ãâ€"2-transfer matrix G, two inputs and two end products. The transportation map from the maneuvering angle to the swerve rate is called G22, and it is a proper and stable transportation map. The inquiry of stableness and hardiness of the system has been explained through simulations. Different simulations are done for the system to be able to make up one's mind whether stableness truly is improved or non by the control system. And to make up one's mind if the active guidance system has a suited response for existent drive bids. Due to the hold of the active guidance response a hazard for driver induced oscillations exist. Since drive is composed of an eternity of more or less different driver events and conditions it is necessary to restrict the country of involvement for the simulations. Two different conditions will be considered here, at-the-limit drive and nominal drive. Changing the two variables A µ ( route adhesion ) and V ( velocity ) attains these two conditions. The definitions of the drive conditions are arbitrary and in no manner normalized. All the simulations use the non-linear vehicle theoretical account for both the controlled and the conventional system. The maneuvering angle, which is the maneuvering bid of the vehicle, is the angle of the forepart wheels. The maneuvering angle is related to the maneuvering wheel angle by a multiplicative factor, the maneuvering gear ratio. The maneuvering angle will be illustrated for all the simulations. A positive signal is a gesture on the maneuvering wheel to the left, counter clockwise. For the conventional vehicle the maneuvering angle is the bid performed by the driver. For the controlled vehicle the maneuvering angle is an add-on of the bid performed by the driver and the signal from the control system. If the illustrated guidance angle is multiplied by the maneuvering cogwheel ratio 21 the angular motion of the maneuvering wheel is received. Nominal drive is the term used for driving at V = 20 m/s and A µ= 1. At-the-limit drive is decided as the two instances: V = 40 m/s and A µ = 1. V = 20 m/s and A µ = 0.3. The different instances, nominal and at-the-limit drive, are summarized by the undermentioned figure Figure 15: Friction-velocity diagram Following simulations have been performed: Wind blast perturbations have been investigated presuming two instances, with driver action and without driver action iˆ A terrible dual lane alteration has been simulated with the maneuvering angle input from existent driving experiments. Different speed and route clash parametric quantities will be considered. Wind force perturbation and variable alterations. All the figures incorporating responses of the controlled and the uncontrolled system has the controlled response depicted with a solid line and the conventional with a flecked line. 7. Undertaking GOALS Steering has come a long manner from the yearss of the Equus caballus and roadster. Active Front Steering ( AFS ) system will enable vehicle makers to better vehicle stableness control and to plan the desired variable maneuvering ratio while virtually extinguishing tradeoffs to establish maneuvering public presentation such as noise, cilium, return ability, and on-centre feel. In add-on, the Active tip system is designed for efficient interaction with conventional hydraulic guidance and can be installed with no addition in hydraulic system or constituent size, ensuing in efficiencies comparable to traditional hydraulic guidance. BMW has demonstrated its active forepart maneuvering system capablenesss and received really positive comments from several vehicle makers and it ‘s design addresses many of the vehicle makers ‘ concerns and as a consequence provides a transparent, smooth system with virtually no via media or tradeoffs to establish maneuvering public presentation. † AFS helps supply drivers with simplified metropolis drive and parking by cut downing the turning required at low velocities so that a hand-over-hand parking manoeuvre can be accomplished in every bit small as two tierces of a bend of the maneuvering wheel. AFS smoothly passages from a low-speed guidance ratio to a high-velocity guidance ratio, supplying a tighter, sportier feel for driving enjoyment and better control on the main road. AFS accomplishes this by modifying the guidance kinematics, or gesture, of the vehicle in a mode similar to steer-by-wire. The system electronically influences the maneuvering angle on the wheels enabling it to be greater or less than the driver ‘s maneuvering wheel angle input. Hence, turning into a parking topographic point or even steering a hairpin bend at moderate velocities can be accomplished with significantly fewer bends of the maneuvering wheel. In kernel, the system electronically turns the route wheels at a rate different than the rate the driver turns the guidance wheel. Although some may believe this could be upseting or commanding, those that have experienced Delphi AFS recognize it aids make driving really easy and gratifying with a really natural, crystalline feel. Unlike steer-by-wire, AFS maintains the mechanical nexus and uses the bing electrical architecture. This mechanical nexus helps guarantee system safety. If the system is switched off or unwittingly loses power, AFS applied scientists incorporated a smooth default to the base maneuvering ratio without upseting or dismaying the driver. AFS is the newest engineering in line of Advanced Vehicle Dynamics, which utilizes built-in control engineering to assist better safety and better vehicle public presentation, drive and control. AFS can be integrated to supply a seamless connexion between maneuvering, braking and suspension subsystems. Active Front Steering can be integrated with controlled braking to supply a more effectual vehicle system solution to stableness control than brakes entirely. AFS outright delivers maneuvering control ; counter maneuvering the vehicle to convey it back on its intended class and blending in braking, if needed. This is accomplished through finely tuned electronic controls that are virtually crystalline to the driver. In add-on, this integrating can assist minimise vehicle-stopping distances on split and assorted coefficient surfaces while keeping directional stableness 8. Users8.1 Benefits: –Dynamic control algorithms allow vehicle makers to dial in coveted handling features. Helps equilibrate drive and managing public presentation with improved vehicle kineticss or active safety Helps minimise over and under maneuvering at all velocities on all surfaces without decelerating the vehicle. When integrated with control braking active tip can supply a more effectual stableness sweetenings option than brakes entirely Maintains traditional forepart wheel maneuvering benefits Can be configured with alone algorithms for improved handling and safety. Reduces vehicle turn circle for added way during the metropolis drive and parking. Low-cost, light-weight and modular actuator can be used with assortment of suspension constellations.Future SCOPES: –With more than a century of maneuvering heritage, BMW Steering is unambiguously positioned to present wheel-to-wheel guidance system expertness. A full-service provider, BMW Steering provides advanced systems designed for security, comfort, and flexibleness to vehicle makers worldwide. Delphi Steering offers full system integrating and has one of the most extended guidance merchandise ranges in the industry. Since developing the first hydraulic power maneuvering system in the 1950s, Delphi Steering has been at the head of power guidance development. Now, electric power maneuvering from Delphi Steering delivers the high public presentation of traditional hydraulic power guidance, with important added value and fuel economic system betterments. Delphi Steering has produced more than 6 million electric power aid maneuvering systems since 1999. â€Å" Our Active Steering Systems are advanced extensions to our bing maneuvering merchandise lines that enhance driver experience and supply increased value to our clients. Delphi Steering is unambiguously positioned to offer these characteristics on both electric and hydraulic systems † said David Aden, Steering Systems merchandise line director. Advanced characteristic integrating is an of import patterned advance in our ongoing attempt to supply complete maneuvering solutions to clients worldwide — these are exciting systems that address a broad assortment of driver demands. BMW ‘s active guidance construct has been introduced in it ‘s 530- cars.BMW 6 and BMW 7 series are besides equipped with AFS, DSC and DTC constructs. Some companies such as GENERAL MOTORS, TOYOTA have launched their autos with incorporate active guidance and active braking systems. The future work could be to implement the active guidance system in an experimental auto. Most suited would be a auto with steer-by-wire. Execution in a auto is the lone true manner to analyze the perceptual experience of the feeling of the driver. An execution in a existent auto demands alterations in the system so that for illustration velocity fluctuations are considered. Since the transportation map of the vehicle is dependent of the speed9. CONCLUSIONSActive guidance is an efficient agencies to act upon a vehicle ‘s swerve and axial rotation kineticss. A comparing with vehicle kineticss control systems which make usage of single wheel braking reveals the cardinal advantages and drawb acks of both attacks. Individual wheel braking is implementable with less hardware attempt since the actuators and wheel velocity detectors are avail-able by anti-lock brakes. However, active guidance is more efficient with respect to cardinal mechanical considerations. Therefore, the physical bounds in footings of maximum force between tyre and route can be farther subjugated to supply extra safety borders. In this paper two active maneuvering constructs have been summarized, which are suited to better the swerve perturbation fading and to cut down rollover hazard severally. The possible being built-in in active guidance will be easy useable one time steer-by-wire is established. But one does non hold to wait until the present hurdlings in both the legal and technological sense are overcome. There are already proficient solutions which provide the possibility to put an subsidiary guidance angle to boot to the one straight transmitted by the maneuvering wheel. At the present phase o f engineering, active guidance suggests itself as stand-alone or as a powerful complement to show single wheel braking systems10. Referencewww.sae.org/automag/techbriefs/01-2001/techb2.htm www.seminar topics.com/techies/abs/act.htm www.californiadriver.com/delphi/news/active guidance www.bmw-sauber.com www..toyota.com www.delphi.com/asm/articles.htm www.over-drivemagazine.com/steer-active/articles/act.htm www.cds-caltech.edu/

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The Last Supper Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Last Supper - Research Paper Example For centuries, Jesus Christ is the most prominent religious figure. His life is mostly chronicled in the Bible and a historical account of Tacitus mentioned about the death of Christus in the hands of Pontius Pilatus (Canfield 144).Prior to his death, Christ and his disciples were recorded to have the supper before Passover and this later on would be one of the important events not only in the history of Christianity but will also shape the sociological, cultural and political history of the world. Immortalized in painting as early as the 1300s (Dyas 139), the famous scene depicting the last meal of Jesus Christ with his disciples was rendered in varied styles by artists from different art genres. Two of the most famous versions of the last supper were Last Supper created by Renaissance painter Leonardo Da Vinci (Kleiner 582) and the painting by Mannerist Jacopo Robusti generally known as Tintoretto with the same title created in 1594 (615). Differences can be observed immediately up on viewing the two last supper paintings. Both paintings vary mainly because the two painters belong to different periods and relatively, the social, political and cultural situations during their respective times had influenced Da Vinci and Tintoretto in creating their renditions of the last supper.Aside from the surrounding conditions during the era of the two artists, a close comparison of the two versions with the Biblical accounts about the famous last meal would enlighten as which artist had depicted the scene exactly or was close enough to what really transpired during the night before the Passover. Probing on the accuracy of the two paintings, may demystify the misconceptions regarding the last supper which in recent times had largely influenced the social, political and cultural beliefs. An example of which is the controversial story about the last supper in Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. A fresco made for the church refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Italy, Da Vinciâ₠¬â„¢s Last Supper measures 13 feet and 9 inches by 29 feet and 10 inches (4.2 meters by 8.9 meters), oil and tempera on the plaster wall were used by the artist (Kleiner 582). The symmetrical painting depicts Jesus Christ at the center of the tabl

Friday, September 27, 2019

Design, Technology and Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Design, Technology and Literacy - Essay Example As Fritz and King (1994) suggested, art forms such as visual art, media, movement, music, drama and literature provided powerful ways of capturing and conveying individual as well as collective experience. By understanding how arts reflect, challenge and shape values and beliefs of a society and their variation over time and cultures make learners appreciate and enjoy an enhancing personal and social experience (Fritz & King, 1994). This essay and activity shall explore my ability to create design out of various contexts: through inspiration of classic children stories, food and nutrition for children, and graphic communication using symbols. It will be coupled with the actual products and its development process as explained in this essay. Our environment is everybody else's business. Each of us must do our part, and the more we can do for our environment, the better. In design, use of so-called environmentally-friendly materials has become a necessity among corporations and firms as global regulations in trade and production dictate how firms conduct business. This may be said about the issuance of environment certificates, from production, use of raw materials, packaging, transportation as well as marketing. This helps keep our environment competitive with the daily tear and wear, pollution, and other ways that degenerate our sustainable ecosystem. It has been widely acknowledge that every new design contains new materials that complicate recycling operations so that certificate and regulations ensure that companies take back and recycle, products as well as packaging. The producer's role extends towards the users and post-users phases (Lindhquist and Lifset, 1997). The extended product responsibility (EPR) serves as a tool for the reduction of the amount of waste that originates from discarded products (Hart, 1997) while EPR refers to policy designed for integrating the environmental costs throughout the products' lifecycle now incorporated in legislation of about 40 industrialised countries (Wilck, 1997) adopted by a score of industrial branches involved in products for packaging. Mostly, packaging is made to be re-used after consumer has opened the package and start using the product. Recyclable packaging consists mainly of environmentally safe products such as cardboard, corrugated board, and also recycled variations of pap ers. In this activity incorporating design and recycling, raw materials are used packaging, particularly boxes. The following diagram constitutes the Aggregated Linear Product Process Chain: Source: Lambert et al, 2003 In consideration of this process, it is clearly understood that manufacturing includes the environment-conscious design embracing design, synthesis, processing, and use of products either in continuous or discrete industries (Zhang et al, 1997). Integrating Technology from Fairy Tales Fairy tales has primary themes to provide and integrate with technology. The application and development of technology programs will have an important role in generating ideas, integrating theory and practice, and

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Early 20th century Shanghai Divergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early 20th century Shanghai Divergence - Essay Example The article starts off by attempting to place Shanghai in the context of other cities of the world like Amsterdam, Budapest and Houston that Baverstock et al have placed in the category of â€Å"gamma-global-cities†. What this means is that these cities have been given a separate place from the other cities of the world in terms of their tendency to what Wasserstrom calls â€Å"re-globalizing† nature i.e. the ability of the cities to re-integrate them with the global landscape. The author attempts’ to place Shanghai in context leave him bewildered considering the range of transformations that the city underwent in its existence and the fact that it is still a â€Å"work in progress†. The author reaches the view point that Shanghai is a city that is â€Å"good to think† which means that attempts to compare Shanghai with other cities have proved fruitless. And the article quotes Rudolf Wagner who suggests a moratorium in comparing Shanghai with other cities. Wasserstrom is not deterred by the academic community’s decision on de-linking comparisons of Shanghai with other cities. On the other hand, â€Å"While there is a strong case to be made for Wagner’s argument and the modification of it just described, this article argues that this is a good time for Shanghai specialists to enter the admittedly treacherous waters of far-flung comparison. And it will suggest a specific strategy for doing just this by proposing that we think of Shanghai as a reglobalizing When we use the term â€Å"re-globalize†, we effectively mean that there was a time when these cities were part of the global mainstream in terms of their relations with the rest of the world be it for trade or exchange of ideas. Shanghai has a particular significance in this respect as it was one of the cities in the East that had interacted with the West before the opium wars and the hundred years of treaty enforced port-period when it was a bustling port that served as a center for commerce and

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Important Attributes in Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Important Attributes in Entrepreneurship - Essay Example This essay discusses that pursuit of an entrepreneurial dream starts with a viable dream. Entrepreneurship begins with conceptualizing a new idea, drawing a business plan, and making decision concerning the legal structure. Additionally, basic tactics such as pursuing an international opportunity or starting a new business venture, and financing issues are also considered before one can embark on the entrepreneurship journey. Most people, who venture into entrepreneurship, prefer a new business rather than already existing business opportunities. Some people begin with a desire to begin a business and then look for an idea while others start by having an exciting idea and then consider entrepreneurship later. However, there are basic issues that one must consider when considering an entrepreneurial venture. Some of these basic issues include finances, industry concerned, legal issues and potential risks and rewards. It is thus important for entrepreneur to consider various things tha t would boost or affect their success in the pursuit of small businesses. Entrepreneurship refers to the undertaking of innovations, or business acumen with the aim of transforming the innovations into useful economic goods. The undertaking may result in a new business or new organization. Entrepreneurial activities differ substantially depending on the conceptualized business idea and they range from solo business projects to major undertakings that create job opportunities. (Reuvid, 2008, p. 16). Most successful entrepreneurs demonstrate certain personal attributes such as dedication, creativity, flexibility, determination, passion, leadership, and self-confidence. Creativity is a spark that drives development of new services and products and pushes for improvement and innovation. Creativity allows for continuous learning, thinking beyond prescribed formulas, and questioning various possibilities. Determination is a strong desire to attain success and it includes ability to contin ue pursuing even during difficult times. It also persuades the entrepreneur to remain motivated and not necessarily by money gained from the business venture. Dedication motivates entrepreneurs to work hard and drive their ideas and plans. Flexibility refers to the entrepreneur’s ability to take a swift move in response to change in market conditions. Leadership is the capacity and ability to formulate rules, set goals, and ensure follow-through, and accomplishment of the established goals (Mariotti & Glackin, 2011, p. 63). Self-confidence rises from thorough planning since effective planning reduces uncertainty and risk. Effective planning requires expertise and skills. A self-confident entrepreneur is not easily intimidated or discouraged by market changes or challenges faced in business. More often, an entrepreneur will not demonstrate all these attributes and may lack one of them or even have only one or two of the attributes. The important thing is that the attributes ca n be learned. The entrepreneur, for instance, could hire someone to help him build or strengthen weak areas and attributes. Of importance is to know the personal strength and build on it while putting effort to minimize the weaknesses (Boone & Kurtz, 2010, p. 32). It is however, critical for entrepreneurs to ensure that they have developed these attributes for successful entrepreneurship. For instance, it is futile to start a business venture with little or no confidence in workability of the venture. Self-confidence instills optimism, which resembles fearlessness to face difficult odds. Self-confidence and determination helps one to see opportunities where other people see danger lurking (Bone & Kurtz, p. 240). Entrepreneurs conceive new ideas and devise innovative ways that helps overcome the difficult situations and problems. Creativity is a common denominator in entrepreneurship (Bone & Kurtz, p. 241). Besides the mentioned attributes, it is important to develop relevant values and integrate them within the business culture. Such

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Public Policy Formation and Analysis Assignment

Public Policy Formation and Analysis - Assignment Example Cobb and Rocheford identified certain traits that make up the nature of a problem and of course these traits are incumbent on the solutions to such identified problems. We must also note that the traffic problems in Oman has a social, economical and political dimension. Severity: The severity of any identified road safety problem has to be taken into cognisance in other to ascertain how severe the said problem is. How serious a problem and its consequences are taken to be, is what determines the extent to which actions will be taken to resolve that particular problem. A good example is the constant road traffic accidents in Oman. The amount of lives that has been lost this few years has motivated the Government of Oman to take a firm stand in formulating Traffic policies to curb the incidence. Incidence: According to Cobb and Rocheford, (1993) a social problem's incidence is an important descriptive dimension that represents the overall scope of people affected as well as those group s disproportionately at risk (64) Those groups that are affected by this incidence in Oman are teenagers between the ages of 16-25. This is a volatile group of persons still full of l;ife and the excitement of motor cars, who do not necessarily consider the implications of traffic safety policies. Novelty: Simply refers to situations where a policy seems to have popular opinions from the public, which soon becomes obsolete as the public and the media becomes less enthusiastic about such policies overtime. This is a major problem in Oman as many road safety policies that seemed to excite the people have become distasteful and un effective today. This has not augured well for the Government of Oman. It is a major social and political barrier to policy formulation as regarding Road safety policies. Proximity: To judge an issue as having proximity is to insinuate that it brings your point close home or directly affects a person's interest. Now if such cases can be made successfully, mem bers of the general public will become more concerned and may go all the way to express this opinion politically which will aid in more positive policy formulation. Crises of the problem: This terminology is used to denote a situation where corrective action is long overdue and the problem still exist. Thus dire consequences are in occurrence due to such delay. The lack of adequate action by the Government of Oman to tackle the impeding road safety abuse and non-compliance has become a crises situation in the country. Question 2 Drunk driving: Many youths are addicted to alcoholic products and tend to ply the roads at very high state of drunkenness, most especially at nights. The statistics in the article by Shalama et al (179) shows that that results of drunk driving were between 3-982 and as of last year it was 4% alone. This is an aspect of individuals behaviour as it relates to accidents in Oman Lack of formal traffic education: This is a major social/cultural condition that mus t be checked in Oman. Teaching all road users in Oman how to observe road usage norms and regulations and lunching campaigns via the media on the importance of road safety applications is paramount if the Nation is to witness less accidents and more respect for traffic regulations. Traffic regulation enforcement organization and licencing: must be effective at all times within the country. They have a major responsibility to check the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Meat Industry in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Meat Industry in the United States - Essay Example There are many processes that come in between slaughtering of animals and the final packaging of meat. These processes carry an element of high risk of contamination. The meat procured from the slaughtering of animals can carry fecal matter which can contaminate the meat with a high quantity of harmful bacteria like E. coli. The meat can also be contaminated by various animal diseases like salmonella and campylobacter. There is also the high probability of mad cow disease which can infect the meat. The most effective way to protect human beings from this disease is to carefully remove materials of the nervous system from the beef. Other than animal diseases, there is also the matter regarding the safety of workers because in meat industry dangerous machinery and sharp knives are common elements. It is also necessary to follow stringent methods of safety in the meat packaging industry which is the final link between the meat industry and the general public who consume meat. Since the early twentieth century, the activities inside meat packaging plants in the United States are done under unhygienic conditions. In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act were passed. These Acts encouraged labor organizations to improve the working conditions of the meat packers. In the last few decades, the nation has seen a sharp decline in the meat processing industry. The slaughterhouses and meat packaging facilities are still almost in the same condition as they were a century ago. In the 1930s the Congress of Industrial Organizations drove the trade unions to focus on the working conditions of employees in different industries including the meat packaging industry. In the 1960s the United Packinghouse Workers of America with its progressive ideals successfully improved the pay and working conditions of the meat packers. During 1960s and early 1980s the average pay of meat packers was higher than that of the workers in the manufacturing industry. In the 1980s the meat packing industry went through a development phase. Meat distribution channels increased and this resulted in meat packing companies to be located in rural areas near the rearing of farm animals. The Iowa Beef Processors

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Study Problem Essay Example for Free

Study Problem Essay Problem # 1 page 397 Firm A has $10,000 in assets entirely financed with equity. Firm B also has $10,000 in assets, but these assets are financed by $5,000 in debt (with a 10 percent rate of interest) and $5,000 in equity. Both firms sell 10,000 units of output at $2. 50 per unit. The variable costs of production are $1, and fixed production costs are $12,000. (To ease the calculation, assume no income tax. ) Firm A Assets 10,000 Firm B Assets 10,000 5,000 in debt at 10% $5,000 in equity Both Firm A and Firm B- sell 10,000 units @ 2. 50 Variable cost- $1 Fixed Cost- $12,000 a. What is the operating income (EBIT) for both firms? Firm A EBIT = Revenue Operating Expenses = $2. 50*10,000 $1*10000 $12,000 = $3,000 Firm B EBIT = Revenue Operating Expenses = $2. 50*10,000 $1*10000 $12,000 = $3,000 b. What are the earnings after interest? The earnings after Interest are: Firm A $3,000-$0=$3,000 Firm B $3,000-10%*$5,000=$3,000-$500=$2,500 c. If sales increase by 10 percent to 11,000 units, by what percentage will each firm’s earnings after interest increase? To answer the question, determine the earnings after taxes and compute the percentage increase in these earnings from the answers you derived in part b. New Sales = 11000 Firm A EBIT = Revenue Operating Expenses = $2. 50*11,000 $1*11000 $12,000 = $4,500 Earnings After Interest = $4,500 Percentage Increase = ($4,500 $3,000)/$3,000 = 50% Firm B EBIT = Revenue. Operating Expenses = $2. 0*11,000 $1*11000 $12,000 = $4,500 Earning After Interest = $4,500 $500 = $4,000 Percentage Increase = ($4,000 $2,500)/$2,500 = 60% d. Why are the percentage changes different? The percentage changes are different because Firm A is getting an increase of $1,500 in revenues over the earlier value $3,000 Firm B is getting an increase of $1,500 in revenues over the earlier value $2,500 This is the same increase, but original values are different, so the one with less will show a higher percentage change.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The essay talks of a woman Essay Example for Free

The essay talks of a woman Essay The first essay talks of a woman who loved and treasured her husband even in death. It talks of a widow who was married in Ephesus. The essay highlights her as being very beautiful. It was a culture to mourn your husband by beating the naked breast in front of the crowd and pulling off one’s hair. But this widow went on to follow the dead into his tomb where he mourned for five days. (Heinemann, 1913, p. 229-235). It is ironical that whoever could console her to stop mourning her late husband was a soldier who was guarding the bodies of some robberies that had been crucified after her friends and relatives were unable to do it. It’s also ironical that a dead body was stolen as the soldier was consoling a widow who was also mourning over a dead body. Its also ironical the dead body that made the woman mourns for five days without food or water is the one that was used to replace the lost dead body of the robber. ( Heinemann ,1913, p. 229-235) The second story talks of a man who loved his wife so much that he sacrificed all what he had and sold it to entertain his wife. It is ironical that he sold all the luxuries that gave him pleasure only remaining with a falcon just to please or rather buy the love of his wife and yet remain a poor man the rest of his life. Federigo loved his wife such that he even offered to slaughter his only remaining asset the falcon which he even loved more than any of his wife in order to serve it to the visitors of her wife. (Kaplan, 2006, p. 2 -3) It is too ironical that he sold everything to please his wife and remain poor and at the end his wife did not accept him. It is also ironical that that at his dying moment, the boy asked for the falcon and it lacked, he died. Irony is also seen when Giovanna instead of loving his husband when he was wealthy and having a lot to offer, he loved him most when he was poor and had nothing to offer. (Kaplan ,2006, p. 2 -3,) Both stories relate to denial for love of another person. In the first essay we see the widow has much love for her late husband but opts to give his body to replace the stolen thief’s body and not see another man whom he loves die. It is just funny how loves both them but also wise of her sacrifice the dead in order to save the living. (Heinemann ,1913, p. 229-235) The second essay opted to be poor by selling everything to show his wife love. At the end of the essay the wife appreciates his husbands love and thus reciprocates it by refusing to be re-married to wealthy merchants. This love is seen even in death where both Federigo and Giovanna share the same tomb. (Kaplan, 2003, p. 2 -3). Conclusion, According to my evaluation of the two stories, I think the second story is more effective on how it uses its narration skills and how it describes the whole event of love and fate. Though the story is tragic it end in comic way where there is joy after we note that afterwards the couple loved each other even in death unlike in the first story where the woman was torn between two loves and is why he had to give up one and take in the other. List of Reference: Heinemann W; (1913) Petronius, Satyricon, The Macmillan Company, 1913, ch. 111- 112, pp. 229-235 Kaplan H. L . (2006). Federigo Alberighi and Monna Giovanna SOCAN Available at http://www. thrinberry-frog. com Accessed on June 30, 2008.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Brownfield Land Redevelopment

Brownfield Land Redevelopment Recently brownfield sites have become popular due to the serious deficiency in the number of greenfield spaces on hand for development. This is more prominent in the built up areas where the demand for residential and commercial property is elevated. In 2008 the UK set a target for brownfield developments. 60% of all new houses were to be built on brownfield sites. Records show that we have already exceeded that target and with the rate that we are reclaiming brownfield sites at present we should significantly raise that percentage over the coming decade. The uses for brownfield sites are not restricted to residential and commercial buildings. They are often considered for redevelopment into open spaces for recreation, woodland and various other community related areas. Reclaiming brownfield sites is at the heart of the UK Sustainable Development Strategy. This Development Strategy incorporates an extensive collection of economic, social and environmental objectives. Brownfield redevelopment cleans up environmental health hazards and eyesores and in doing so it promotes community growth and regeneration. Managed effectively as a sustainable redevelopment scheme, Brownfield sites provide affordable housing, encourage economic growth through locally sourced materials nurturing local business and trades, protect local wildlife and provide environmentally safe areas for families to enjoy. Furthermore, redevelopment of brownfield sites can give an area a make-over and can help send a message to the locality indicating the importance of preservation and recycling. 2.0 Brownfield Land Redevelopment Steps Now that the land has been chosen for the proposed development, a large sports centre within a small town in Scotland, it is important to establish whether or not the Brownfield site in question is suitable for such a development. The proposed site will involve the demolition of an existing building. Therefore all planning laws must be adhered to and the local planning authorities must be notified in writing outlining the intentions for the proposed site. This is important as special licences are required to reclaim Brownfield sites. There are a number of tests and studies that must be carried out in order to obtain the required information to determine the extent of the decontamination measures required to prepare the site. 2.1 Demolition and Recycling Existing Building On-Site In order to maximise the sustainability of the development it is important to identify, separate and eliminate all hazardous materials from the demolished waste. Furthermore any recyclables such as masonry rubble and other materials should be extracted from the demolition waste and can be used in the concrete / asphalt or paved areas around the site. This promotes sustainable development by contributing to the government sustainability objectives of prudent use of natural resources and protection of the environment. Using low embodied building materials reduces the CO2 emissions during the construction process and also has a positive effect on the cost of the entire project as less waste is sent to expensive landfill. There are a number of companies within the UK that specialise in construction and demolition waste recycling and disposal. These companies work closely with Site Waste Management Plans ensuring that only hazardous materials are disposed of and everything recyclable is reused. 2.2 Identification of Hazardous Materials A large number of materials are involved in any build, therefore, when a building is being demolished it is important to identify these hazardous materials and dispose of them safely so that they do not become a danger to anybody else in the future. The building on the proposed site is a 150 year old derelict masonry building. The existing building is to be demolished and any suitable recyclables are to be used in constructing the new sports centre and any concrete / asphalt or paved areas around the site. In order to identify the various materials it is important to put a sorting plan in place. This will ensure only recyclable materials get reused and all hazardous materials are disposed of appropriately. The history of the building plays a key part in the types of hazardous materials that can be expected to be found within the building. From the period the building was built a suitably qualified professional can conclude that the building shell itself will contribute various hazardous materials to the list for safe disposal. These are likely to include asbestos, insulation materials, foams containing CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) that are harmful to the O-Zone layer, roofing felts and bitumen. An engineer will also look into the space within the building to determine what hazardous materials may have been associated with the various uses of the building. The derelict building in question was originally used as a textile factory and later a furniture factory. This would indicate that hazardous materials such as varnishes, glues, sealants, resin-based floorings and wood treated with chemicals or preservatives may be present from that period of the buildings lifetime. In recent decades the building was used as a truck repair shop. This might suggest that there may be some contamination from oil or lubricants, petroleum and any spillage from car / truck batteries. It is very important to test for the presence of these substances and more as identifying the presence of hazardous material is the first step to decontaminating the site. 2.3 Further Investigation Following investigation into the building to be demolished, tests must be carried out on the condition of the soil around the site. It is important to note that all Brownfield site redevelopments come hand in hand with strict environmental issues. As a result it is recommended that an appropriately experienced environmental consultant is used. The environmental consultant will have background knowledge of Brownfield developments and will adequately investigate any environmental risks. Firstly they will undertake a desk top review of the proposed site by gathering all historical information available. This may relate to former quarrying or landfill in the area. Secondly they will prepare an environmental assessment report. Contained within this report will be the results from extensive testing for hazardous compounds within the soil, ground water and surface water. If the findings of the report are positive and support redevelopment on the site, the next step is remediation and elimination of hazardous materials. 2.4 Remediation / Elimination of Hazardous Materials Now that the various hazardous materials have been identified, it is time to categorize and divide them so that they can be safely disposed of. This is whats known as remediation. The demolition of the building itself should be the final step when clearing the site. Initially the building should be stripped down with careful consideration given to how each material is classed and whether it can be recycled or disposed of. This includes all loose material, fixtures, fittings, windows, doors, heating and electrical systems and roofing. Once this has been categorized and divided all that should be left is the building skeleton and foundations for safe demolition Up until a few years ago remediation of Brownfield sites was an expensive process. However, recent new remediation technologies have emerged and are cheaper than the more traditional methods. They include: Bioremediation This utilises the natural processes of indigenous bacteria, microorganisms, plants, enzymes and fungi to destroy or neutralise toxins and contaminants. Phytoremediation This process uses plants. The can store contaminants in their leaves and stems (bioaccumulation). Some contaminants such as heavy metals can be harvested and mined for reuse (phytomining). In-Situ Chemical Oxidation This process injects oxygen or chemical oxidants into the contaminated soil or water to destroy harmful compounds. 2.5 Recycling Masonry Rubble With a project like this there is serious demand for concrete / asphalt and pavements around the development. Fortunately with the demolition of the existing derelict masonry building, a lot of the requirements can be met using recycled masonry rubble from the existing building. When using recycled masonry rubble from demolitions such as this it is important to ensure that the rubble is free from contaminants. Once this is done, the rubble is then graded into aggregates. This is a simple process that involves sieve like machines that vibrate, separating the various sized aggregates and compiling them with aggregate material of similar sizes. The aggregates can then be used in various locations around the site depending on their size and classification. It is important to note that the quality of recycled masonry rubble meets the requirement for use in constructing roads. Strenuous testing and categorizing is required on the aggregates that are intended for concrete use within the building in order to ensure the consistency is sufficient. Lightweight aggregate does not meet requirements for use as a secondary concrete aggregate as the majority of masonry materials are too soft and will adversely affect the strength of concrete products. 2.6 Access Roads and Pavements The existing building will have a number of access roads already in place. These roads will have to be excavated and in keeping with the sustainable design of the proposed building and use of recycle materials in the new build it is only fitting that the excavated asphalt should also be recycled and form part of the new access roads and pavements around the site. The manufacture of asphalt it a very energy expensive process as the materials involved must be heated to very high temperatures in order to mix together. Therefore, the use of recycled asphalt for road toppings around the site will have a cost benefit to the project as well as a positive impact on the environment. 3.0 Proposed Sports Centre Complex The proposed sports centre will be built using low embodied, recycled materials where possible paying particular attention to the energy performance of the building. The building design will take passive solar heating into consideration with cleverly positioned windows and landscaping throughout the site providing adequate shelter from the elements during the winter months. Sourcing materials locally cuts down on transport costs over large distances. This automatically reduces carbon emissions and also supports the local industry ensuring jobs and community growth. This will be a key component in the sustainable building of the proposed sports centre. 3.1 Foundations The best foundation for the proposed sports centre is a raft foundation. Due to the size and scale of the proposed build a raft foundation will allow the weight of the building to be transferred to the ground over a greater area and also provide a level surface for which to build upon. It is important that there is adequate steel reinforcement in the concrete to combat ground movement. When the recycled masonry rubble is graded into aggregates, some of these aggregates will be suitable for use in the concrete raft foundation. Recycled concrete aggregates can replace up to 20% of virgin aggregate in concrete within the provisions set out in BS 8500-2. 3.2 Structural Framing / Building Skeleton The most efficient way to build the proposed sports centre building is using a steel framed construction. The steel structure would meet the spatial requirements of the main sports hall, high ceilings with long spans and column free space to accommodate an indoor football pitch or basketball court. Recycled steel would be appropriate here as steel can be used countless times with no negative affects to its strength or performance. 3.3 Wall Build-Up Once the foundations and steel structure are in place it is time to think about the external wall build up. Given the intended use of the sports hall it is important to use a material that will not only be sustainable in its construction and hard wearing but also have an acoustic quality as the noise generated within the sports hall when its occupied will be of an elevated nature and could disrupt the surrounding public. There is a wide array of products available such as concrete blocks with 50% coarse aggregates replaced with plastic while still providing adequate strenght but all things considered, I would suggest an aerated concrete block. These are among the most environmentally friendly building products available. They are formed from recycled materials. One of which is Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA), this is an unavoidable by-product of the coal-fired power generation process which is normally stockpiled in huge unsightly mounds or is dumped at sea. Further enhancing the sustainability of this product is the fact that no material goes to waste, anything left over when a batch is made automatically goes into the next mix. Also due to the lightweight of the material, more can be loaded onto a single lorry reducing the CO2 emissions produced in transport and speeding up construction. The cavity should be 100mm partially filled with natural wool insulation or a similar approved natural insulation or recycled insulation system. The external face of the building should be clad with recycled bricks tied back to the internal leaf with acoustically approved wall ties. 3.4 Floor Build-Up Each area of the sports centre will require a different finish depending on the proposed use. The reception for instance will need to provide a warm and welcoming atmosphere, this can be achieved using carpet. Recycled carpet is available, this is formed from recycled material such as plastic, wool, cotton or nylon and laid on a recycled rubber underlay. The rubber could be derived from any scrap tyres remaining on the site from the truck repair shop. The changing rooms will require a hard floor which is impervious to water. Many green options are available such as recycled ceramic floor tiles and eco-friendly rubber floor tiles. A study should be undertaken of the business in the area in order to decide which material is easiest to obtain with the pursuit of sustainability in mind. If there is a quarry nearby it might be an idea to investigate stone as a possible material for the flooring in hard wearing areas. Stone has a natural, timeless beauty and a feeling of solid quality which is hard to match with any other type of material. Unfortunately due to the costs associated with stone it may not be a plausible material as it is by no means the cheapest type of flooring to install or maintain. The flooring in the sports hall is a specific type of flooring material. It has a number of functional requirements associated with it. It must be durable, smooth and slightly soft to prevent serious injury. An ideal surface therefore, would be a rubber based surface which can be formed from any scrap tyres found on the site. This is a cost beneficial process as it is a sustainable use for the waste rubber meaning it is not necessary to pay for the safe disposal of the unused tyres. The recycled rubber surface should then sit on some rigid insulation such as woodwool, mineral./rock wool or expanded or extruded polystyrene to increase the thermal performance. 3.5 Roof Construction For the proposed sport centre i would suggest a green roof. A Green Roof is a roof that has a vegetated covering planted over a waterproofing membrane. The roof consists of various layers, each with its own function. The various layers cater for drainage, moisture, root protection and filtering. Green roofs have many benefits over traditional or conventional roofs. They offer a longer roof life span, increased acoustic performance, improved thermal performance in the winter and heat shielding in the summer and as they are living organisms they retain and store 90% of rain and storm water and return it to the atmosphere by means of evaporation. 3.6 Energy Performance of the Building A key feature of this building is the excessive use of recycled and sustainable materials in the construction. This has a positive effect on the environment ensuring minimal CO2 emissions are generated in the manufacture of the materials. This is an admirable practice and it sends a clear message to developers that the use of recyclables can have beneficial implementations for both the project budget and also the environment. It is important to maintain this objective throughout the buildings lifetime. This can be done by implementing micro renewable technologies during the construction process. A building of this scale is often associated with large energy bills. With the prices of oil escalating and the UKs dependency on fossil fuels at a peak, it is vital that this building incorporates as many micro renewable technologies as possible in order to drive the running costs down to a manageable level. I would strongly suggest the use of solar photovoltaic cells (PV) and wind turbines to generate electricity along with wood fuelled boilers (biomass) connected to a central heating system as the most relevant micro generation technologies that a building of this nature could benefit from. 4.0 Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems 4.1 Introduction to SUDS Sustainable urban drainage systems are a new environmentally friendly way of dealing with surface water run-off. Traditional drainage schemes lead to flooding, cause pollution and are generally more expensive to install. Surface water no longer has the opportunity to soak into the ground, instead it is collected in a network of pipes along with any contaminants such as oil, solid matter or toxic metals it may pick up along the way and it is discharged into the nearest rivers or streams. Sustainable urban drainage systems replicate natural drainage methods. Water run-off is collected and stored to allow natural cleaning to occur prior to infiltration or controlled release to watercourses. As a result they prevent pollution, control flooding, recharge ground water in the natural water table and enhance the environment. There are for main design options. These are: Filter Strips and Swales Filter Drains and Permeable Surfaces Infiltration Devices Basins and Ponds It is important to note that depending on the required performance of the sustainable urban drainage system, a combination of two or more design options may need to be incorporated in order to achieve a suitable drainage solution. 4.2 Filter Strips and Swales Filter strips and swales are vegetated surface features that drain water evenly off impermeable areas. Swales are long shallow channels whilst filter strips are gently sloping areas of ground. 4.3 Filter Drains and Permeable Surfaces Filter drains and permeable surfaces are devices that have a volume of permeable material below ground to store surface water. Water run-off flows to a storage area via a permeable surface such as gravelled paving areas or solid paving blocks with gaps between the individual units. When the water falls it passes through the surface to the permeable fill in the filter drain. This then allows the storage, treatment, transport and infiltration of the water resulting in clean uncontaminated water being returned to ground. 4.4 Infiltration Devices Infiltration devices drain water directly into the ground. They may be used either at source or alternatively the runoff can be conveyed in a pipe or swale to the infiltration area. They include soakaways, infiltration trenches and infiltration basins as well as swales, filter drains and ponds. Infiltration devices can be integrated into and form part of the landscaped areas. 4.5 Basins and Ponds Basins and ponds store water at the ground surface, either as temporary flooding of dry basins and flood plains, or permanent ponds. These structures can be designed to manage water quantity and quality. 4.6 Benefits of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems There are a number of benefits to installing a sustainable drainage system as opposed to a traditional / conventional system. For example the cost of connecting to storm sewers and public drains is avoided and maintenance is simple and cheap. Maintenance can be carried out by landscaping contractors without the need of skilled engineers and heavy machinery. When clean filtrated water is distributed back to the site it gives the natural vegetation a chance to thrive and can create a very pleasant environment for everyone to enjoy. 4.7 Proposed Sustainable Urban Drainage System A sports centre will require a number of hard surfaces to cater for car parking. I would suggest using solid paving blocks for the surface in the car parking areas. A gap must be left between each block allowing water to filter through to an under the surface storage drain which runs to a designated area such as a vegetated or green area. This rainfall run-off precaution must be implemented in the initial design stage. I would also suggest soak holes / soakaways around the site to filter any water collected in downpipes around the building. With the current climate that we live in it has to be expected that substantial rain will fall each year. As such, a well designed sustainable drainage system can minimise flooding and any inconvenience that may be caused during times of high rain fall. 5.0 Conclusion The aim of the brief for this report was to critically analyze and evaluate the possibilities of redevelopment on a brownfield site with the demolition of an existing derelict masonry industrial building and the construction of a new sports centre utilising as many of the recycled materials from the demolition as possible. I approached this project somewhat blind with my basic knowledge of brownfield redevelopment. After researching the topic further I discovered all the environmental benefits surrounding brownfield redevelopment. With the declining availability of greenfield sites and the growing need for housing and community growth, brownfield redevelopment has got to be at the top of the list where possible in order to preserve what natural areas are left. Furthermore building on brownfield sites removes unsightly and often dangerous derelict buildings and gives local areas a chance to regenerate and create a new image. Decontaminating brownfield sites in a specialised task but the removal of hazardous materials makes it a safer environment for all concerned. Luckily new techniques for remediation of contaminated sites have made it cheaper. This can be appetising for potential developers looking to expand their property portfolio and as a result it can have a knock on effect within a community generating jobs and business for local trade. The brief stated that materials from the demolition of the existing masonry industrial building must be recycled and used in the construction of the new sport centre. When the list of materials that could be recycled in the existing building was broken down, it was found that almost everything could contribute in some way to the new build. This impacts on the budget for the project and in keeping with the UKs carbon emission reduction targets subsequently cuts down on any CO2 emissions that would have been produced in the manufacture of virgin material. The use of micro-technologies would fit in well with the overall idea of a sports centre as in my opinion a sports centre implies health and wellbeing which can be related back to the terms clean and green energy associated with these methods and the environment. The implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems permits the safe return of clean irrigated water back to the soil. The benefits of cost and minimal maintenance alone speak for themselves. With four main design options available I feel it is important to include at least one system as a drainage solution on sites such as this within small towns in order to preserve the local wildlife and allow vegetation to thrive free from water pollution. All in all i feel that this project were it to be undertake would be very feasible. Most of the costs for would come from decontaminating the site. The build itself would prove to be cheaper with recycled materials already available on-site and given the nature of the proposed sports centre I would not foresee any issues with the local community as it will provide a safe location for children and adults alike to hang out. The sustainable nature of the proposed build also indicates that this building is embracing plans to move forward into a greener future and it may set a precedent for future green development within the area. 6.0 References Brown, G., (24th September 2007). Gordon Browns First Speech to the Labour Conference as Party Leader. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7010664.stm [Accessed xx September 2009] Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Biomass. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/biomass/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Ground Source Heat Pumps. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/ground/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Solar PV. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/solarpv/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Solar Hot Water. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/solartherm/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Small Scale Hydro. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/hydro/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Department of Energy and Climate Change. Low Carbon Building Program, Wind Turbines. Available from: http://www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk/micro/wind/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs. The Environment Waste and Recycling What Happens to Waste Construction Waste. Available from: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/topics/construction/ [Accessed xx September 2009] Kelly, R., (13th September 2006). Zero-Carbon Homes Plan Unveiled. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6176229.stm [Accessed xx September 2009] Lomas, J., (13th December 2007). Public Service Review: Transport, Local Government and The Regions Issue 11. Creating Zero-Carbon Communities. Available from: http://www.publicservice.co.uk/article.asp?publication=Transport,%20Local%20Government%20and%20the%20Regionsid=293content_name=Social%20Housing%20and%20Construction%20incorporating%20The%20Carbon%20Challengearticle=8879 [Accessed xx September 2009] Lomas, J., (13th December 2007). Public Service Review: Central Government Issue 15. Meeting the Challenge. Available from: http://www.publicservice.co.uk/article.asp?publication=Central%20Governmentid=287content_name=Sustainable%20Housing%20and%20Regenerationarticle=8680 [Accessed xx September 2009] New Forest Transition, (October 2009). Interesting in Generating Your Own Energy?. Available from: http://www.newforesttransition.org/index.php?/archives/2009/10/12.html [Accessed xx September 2009] Sheffield City Council. Sustainable Housing Code For Sustainable Homes. Available from: http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/?pgid=67894fs=b [Accessed xx September 2009] Sustainable Build. Types of Construction, Wood Frame Construction. Available from: http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ConstructionWoodFrame.html [Accessed xx September 2009]

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Occupational Stress Essay -- Health, Diseases, Anxiety Disorders

Does occupational stress affect mental health and well being? This is one of the most important questions in human wellbeing. So far, medical research indicates that occupational stress is a major problem for our mental well being. Research has not only proven that occupational stress harms are mental wellbeing but our physical wellbeing also. In the research done by Articlebase and published by Paul Hata author of â€Å"The Effect of Stress on Mental Health† (2008), he explains that a person exposed to long-term, unrelenting severe stress is particularly susceptible to experiencing a mental breakdown. Mr. Paul Hata explains how stress can be defined as the condition or the situations that disturb the normal functioning of physical and mental health of an individual. In this paper we will discuss how occupational stress can lead to major mental health issues. Further research indicates how extreme stress conditions are harmful to human health but a moderate amount of stress is acceptable (as cited in Articlebase, 2008). Paul Hata (2008) writes about how extreme stress can increase blood pressure and how the body releases a stress hormone in the blood. This hormone is used to reduce the effects of stress and symptoms of anxiety in the body. When a person is under severe stress this condition fails to respond, and the hormones necessary to calm us remain unreleased in the blood stream for a prolonged period of time. Stress has a number of bad effects on the body, for example: tense muscles, non focused anxiety, dizziness, rapid heartbeat. The state of accumulated stress can increase the risk of both acute and chronic mental illness like a nervous breakdown and also weaken the immune system of the body (Articlebase, 2008). Mr... ... deadlines etc. I will try to leave early for work in the morning. This will make me look good in the eyes of management and will also help me by giving me a sense of peace and calm by not having to rush into work late. I will try and take at least one 15 minute break during the day and take a walk outside and get fresh air. I will try and not have a defensive personality. I will listen carefully and not jump into any conclusions. I will learn to speak professionally and will not let my emotions get the best of me. I will learn to count to 10 or 20, breathe and think before I speak to my superiors. I will be pleasant and will respect all my colleges and my management team. I will learn to be a team player; by this I mean helping out whenever I can and keeping an open communication at all times (Health Guide, 2009).

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The Role of Intra-party Opposition in National Liberation Movements Ess

The Role of Intra-party Opposition in National Liberation Movements By and large, in the latter half of the twentieth century a regime change has meant the victory of a leftist national liberation movement over an oppressive power; whether the new regime makes good on its stated purpose of delivering justice to its people has not evidenced such a standard pattern, however. While liberation movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa were able successfully to convert their role as revolutionary â€Å"freedom fighters† into democratic participation in the state (Connell, 9), movements such as Castro’s Cuban Revolution, while accomplishing regime change, failed to deliver a successful state. This paper suggests that lessons can be derived from these cases that apply to the Palestinians’ national liberation movement, in that intra-movement conflict that often appears â€Å"intractable† may in fact be a specific prerequisite for a successful regime change into the hands of the Palestinian Authorit y. Dangling today somewhere between the role of a state and a non-state actor, the Palestinian National Authority (PA) was chartered after the Oslo Accords to fill the governmental role in the would-be state of Palestine. Headed by Yassir Arafat, the PA provides an internationally recognized manifestation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), which became the voice of the Palestinian nationalism movement since Israel’s independence in 1948. The ongoing transition of the PLO from a national liberation movement (and a distinctly non-state actor) to the ruling government party in a Palestinian state has proven difficult due not only to the controversial nature of the issue of a Palestinian state on ... ...nd National Liberation in Latin America : three decades of guerrillas and terrorists 1959-1990. Florida: North-South Center, University of Miami 1991. Rubenberg, Cheryl. The Palestinian Liberation Organization: Its institutional infrastructure. Belmont, MA: Institute of Arab Studies, Inc., 1983. Rubin, Barry. The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From revolution to state-building. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Segal, Jerome M. Creating the Palestinian State. Chicago, Il: Lawrence Hill Books, 1989. Silverburg, Stanford. Palestine and Internatinoal Law: Essays on politics and Economics.Jefferson, NC: 2002. Staten, Clifford. The History of Modern Cuba. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Younis, Mona. Liberation and Democratization : the South African and Palestinian nationalmovements. Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press, 2000.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Obesity Outline

Outline I. Introduction a. â€Å"Fictional person’s name†, age, weight, location†¦ b. Job, hobbies, background intro information c. Family history/background info II. Obesity a. Definition- â€Å"a condition that is characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body and that in an adult is typically indicated by a body mass index of 30 or greater (Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary) http://www2. merriam-webster. com/cgi-bin/mwmedsamp b. BMI- Body mass Index(abbreviation) i.Definition- Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary defines Body mass index as â€Å"a measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meters (Merriam-Webster’s medical dictionary). http://www2. merriam-webster. com/cgi-bin/mwmedsamp c. Causes of obesity i. Taking in more calories than burning- â€Å"A lack of energy balance most often causes overweight and obesity. Energy balance means that you r energy IN equals your energy OUT† (National heart lung and blood institute). http://www. hlbi. nih. gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_causes. html ii. Lack of physical activity iii. Bad eating habits iv. Eating for comfort, binge eating III. Environmental factors a. Access or lack of access to sidewalks and pathways for walking in neighborhood. b. Busy work schedule c. Convenience of fast food d. Restaurant food size portions e. Access to stores that offer fruits and vegetables f. TV commercials that advertise fast food, snacks that are high in fat IV. Family/inherited genes a. Genes b. Adopting habits of parents i.Parents are overweight; child tends to adopt eating and physical activity habits. V. Health factors a. Hormone problems may cause obesity i. Hypothyroidism 1. Define: â€Å"Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. There are many disorders that result in hypothyroidism. These disorders may directly or indirectly invol ve the thyroid gland. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body (Medicine. et). http://www. medicinenet. com/hypothyroidism/article. htm 2. â€Å"Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's adrenal glands make too much of the hormone cortisol. Cushing's syndrome also can develop if a person takes high doses of certain medicines, such as prednisone, for long periods IV. Other factors†¦ a. Age- muscle loss can slow the rate of calorie burning b. Medications c. Emotional eating d. Smoking- when people quiet food tastes and smells better VI.Health problems a. Coronary heart disease i. Definition b. High blood pressure c. Stroke d. Sleep apnea e. Gallstones VII. Solutions a. Exercise b. Healthy eating choices c. Portion control d. Support groups- A support group is formed by people who are dealing with common issues and â€Å"meet on an ongoing basis to cope with s tress, give each other suggestions, provide encouragement, convey information, and furnish emotional support(Barker, 2003) (Kirst-Ashman, K. , 2011, p 116). â€Å"

Monday, September 16, 2019

Friedman vs Keynes

Friedman vs. Keynes I. INTRO . II. Milton Friedman A. Historical Background B. View of Economy a. Early Views b. Later Views C. Influence on Policy Makers a. Richard Nixon b. Ronald Reagan III. John Maynard Keynes A. Historical Background B. View of Economy a. Trade b. Unemployment C. Influence on Policy Makers a. Prime Minister David Lloyd George b. Frank D. Roosevelt IV. Conclusion Friedman vs. Keynes The discipline of macroeconomics deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national economy as a whole.Macroeconomists seek to understand the determinants of aggregate trends in an economy with particular focus on national income, unemployment, inflation, investment, and international trade. Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes, who was both great economists, embraced the different challenges of the world by imposing their own philosophies. Although both Friedman and Keynes have some similarities, strong disagreements about the monetary arena set them apart. These tw o gentlemen traveled different paths of economics their whole life to establish ground rules for the government to follow.The first son of a working class Jewish family, Milton Friedman was born in New York City in the early 1900’s. Milton graduated high school before his 16th birthday and received a scholarship to Rutgers University where he began a specialization in mathematics. Milton’s interest in economics was influenced by two economics professors during his undergraduate studies during the time of the Great Depression (Friedman, 2005). He was convinced that the study of economics could help solve ongoing economic difficulties. Milton graduated with a double major of economics and mathematics.Milton has been credited as being the most influential economist of the second half on the twentieth century. Though originally a follower of the theories of John Maynard Keynes, Friedman later revoked the ideas of central control after witnessing the effects and moved towar ds advocating free markets. Friedman’s views of monetary policy, taxation, privatization, deregulation influenced the presidential term of Ronald Reagan in the United States during the 1980’s and Margaret Thatcher in Britain. Friedman served on the committee of economic advisors for President Richard Nixon and was at times nsuccessful at convincing Nixon to accept his advice (Stein, 2006). In addition to the influence on world leaders, Friedman’s impact on economy is also evident in his contribution to the payroll withholding tax system. This system was put in place to counteract tax evasion and tax avoidance either by domestic or international taxpayers. Milton Friedman also advocated for a voluntary military and against a draft. Friedman’s approach to economy and government developed into a laissez-faire view. He defended capitalism and criticized the ideas of the New Deal. John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge, England in 1883.John’s father was a registrar at the University of Cambridge and an economist while John’s mother was one of the first female graduates of the University of Cambridge, and later the mayor of Cambridge. John Maynard Keynes began his studies in mathematics and the classics at King’s College of Cambridge (Reich, 1999). Keynes was strongly influenced by Alfred Marshall to change his academic interests to politics and economics. Upon completion of his undergraduate studies Keynes became a civil servant in India for a spell and later returned to Cambridge to teach economics.As World War I ensued Keynes returned to government employment and studied relations with war allies. Keynes acted as an economic advisor to Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Reich, 1999). Keynes is best known for his work and theories of prolonged unemployment. In his 1936 publication Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Keynes explores the competitive capitalist economy that could move th e economy toward a state of full employment based on a government sponsored policy.One could argue that geography, upbringing, and the social era that each economist was at during his professional peak as contributing factors to their differences. Friedman’s ideals appear to be rooted in rules while Keynes believed that policy should be carried out by superior elite. While Friedman believed that the interest is a real phenomenon is determined by the supply of and demand for loaned funds, Keynes would argue against. Keynes would pose that the interest rate is a monetary phenomenon and is determined by the supply of demand for money.There are obvious differences between Friedman and Keynes, yet there are some underlying similarities in their work. Both of these economists were great advocates of their ideas; both saw the great depression as a crisis due to lack of demand; both wrote in favor of floating exchange rates; and both were on the side of freedom in the great ideologic al struggle of the 20th century. In addition, both economists believed that capitalism should be preserved and that there were financial policies that could support a reasonable rate of growth (Stein, 2006).Based on the research that I have conducted I tend to lean towards agreeing with Friedman, though I do not reject all of the concepts presented by Keynes. Friedman’s approach to an unbalanced economy is realistic to what is seen in today’s economy. In following Friedman’s suit, I suspect that the aggregate economic state of the United States today, specifically increasing gas prices and high unemployment, as a result of significant world events. James/ECO-202 Reference Friedman, M. (2005).Milton Friedman Autobiography; The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1976. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/ economics/laureates/1976/friedman-autobio. html Reich, R. B. (1999, March 29). John Maynard K eynes His radical idea that governments should spend money they don’t have may have saved capitalism [Electronic Version]. Time. Stein, B. (2006, November 27). Milton Friedman, freedom fighter. Retrieved October 20, 2007, from http://www. time. com/time